Oku kwaquka iimoto, electronics, kwaye pharmaceuticals
I-Brazil-United States cotton imbambano yaba World Trade Umbutho imbambano septemba meko (DS) ku lo mba akulunganga nezibonelelo kwi cottonKwi, i-Brazil enkulu cotton kumazwe angaphandle competitor isitsho yayo lokukhula yethutyana malunga ne-United States cotton nezibonelelo yi-initiating i-WTO imbambano septemba meko (DS) ngokuchasene ezithile imisebenzi ye-U.S. cotton lwenkqubo. Ngomatshi, indawo Yolawulo yamiselwa ukuba adjudicate imbambano.
Argentina, Ekhanada, China, Isitshayina i-taipei, European Uluntu, i-India, Epakistan, kwaye Venezuela yathatha inxaxheba njengoko wesithathu amaqela.
Lwesiqulatho apho kugxilwa kwi zintandathu - ethile amabango enxulumene KUTHI intlawulo iinkqubo, Brazil argued ukuba NATHI kokuba ayikwazi ukumelana yi-ayo ukuzinikela kwi-Uruguay Umjikelo kwesi Sivumelwano ngomhla Kwezolimo (AoA) kwaye kwesi Sivumelwano ngomhla Nezibonelelo kwaye Countervailing Amanyathelo (SCM).
Ngoseptemba, WTO imbambano septemba (DS) yolawulo ruled ngokuchasene-United States kwi eziliqela iqhosha imiba kwimeko.
I-United States ngu yesibini-oyena wonke kwaye ihlabathi ke, oyena ngaphandlecomment ka-cotton. Kwiminyaka yakutsha nje, i-United States wenziwe yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe i-ngokwandisa share yayo yonyaka imveliso, ngenxa elikhulu inxalenye a landula kwi-domestic kwelinye ilitye, naxa sebenzisa. Ngomhla we- agasti, ngo, emva uthotho recourses ngabo bobabini-United States ne-Brazil, i-WTO ekhutshwe isigqibo malunga imbambano DS. I-iziphumo zemisebenzi yokufama ye-ruling bamele ukuba oko kubonisa ukuba NATHI kwaye European Union kuba esetyenziswa loopholes kwaye creative iyabala ukuqhubeka dumping iimveliso kwi-siphuhlisa kwamanye amazwe, hurting impoverished siphuhlisa lizwe abalimi. I-WTO imbambano septemba yolawulo kanjalo ifumanise ukuba USA misreported iinkqubo ezithile njengoko 'non urhwebo-distorting', xa eneneni baba urhwebo-distorting. Ngo-oktobha, mutually owamkelekileyo isisombululo i-cotton imbambano waba ufikelele nje phambi Brazil waba imiselwe ku-phakamisa irhafu kwi amakhulu izigidi dollazi kwi-i-american izinto. Phantsi kwemiqathango isivumelwano, NATHI wanika isinye-ngaphandle kwentlawulo KUTHI dollazi ama yezigidi ukuya Isijapani Cotton Institute. Yamazwe Ngamazwe Cotton Lomeluleki Committee (ICAC) uqikelelo ukuba nezibonelelo inciphise cotton amaxabiso yi-ishumi kwaye i-World Bank uqikelelo oku inani ku. Le mali ukuba ingxelo yonyaka ingeniso ilahleko ye dollazi yezigidi amazwe ase-Afrika. cotton nezibonelelo yedwa ingaba kunyuka amaxabiso - kwaye njalo yandisa umndilili wekhaya umvuzo kwi-West Africa - ngokwaneleyo ukuba inkxaso ukutya inkcitho kuba enye yezigidi abantu. Ngokunxulumene ICAC, nkqu nokuba i-United States zibe i-ezikhokelela ngaphandlecomment ka-cotton, iindleko zemveliso ngu significantly ngaphezulu kwama-elo kwamanye amazwe. I-avareji iindleko imveliso ingxolo eqhekezayo ye cotton ngu dollazi. ngamnye ingxolo eqhekezayo kwi-uthelekiso ukuba dollazi. amashumi amathathu anesihlanu kwi-West African ilizwe Benin. Ngokunxulumene kuqoqosho lwezolimo kwi-Ngezifundo of California, Davis, ukususwa i-american nezibonelelo babeya kubangela olusisigxina upward shift ka-ixabiso cotton. Kangangokuba, amaxabiso ingaba fluctuate jikelele kakhulu avareji kwexabiso. Ngaphaya koko, ifama amaxabiso ikholisa misela phambi nokuthengiswa lonyaka kunyaka ngamnye, nto leyo ethetha ukuba abalimi musa ukusoloko ukhululeke ngokupheleleyo volatility ka-ixabiso fluctuations.
Oxfam uqikelelo ukuba ukususwa U.S
Nangona kunjalo, cotton nezibonelelo kwi-industrialized amazwe ayiyi kuphela isizathu kuba falling cotton amaxabiso kwezinyanga amahlanu eminyaka.
Technological advancement kwaye ukhuphiswano ukusuka synthetic imicu (ezifana nylon).
I-nzulu, igunyazise yi-ICTSD kwaye ihlole yi-Mario Jales ka-Cornell Ngezifundo, icebisa ukuba cotton amaxabiso ange risen phezu - isiseko ixesha ukuba NATHI kokuba sika nezibonelelo okokuba baba deemed mthethweni yi-imbambano yolawulo kwi-WTO, ilandelayo izikhalazo yi-Brazil. Amafama asokolayo amazwe ayikwazi kufumana wazuza ukusuka kwisiqhelo ezintandathu ipesenti ukwanda ehlabathini cotton amaxabiso phezu efanayo isiseko xesha, ukuba U.S. kokuba olwamkelekileyo iziphakamiso eyenziwe yi-African izizwe ukuba slash i-nezibonelelo kuvunyelwa ukuba abalimi kwi-richer amazwe. Cotton imveliso e-United States ayikwazi kufumana kwehla yi-kangangoko elinesihlanu ipesenti, imizamo icebisa, ukuba Afrika iziphakamiso kwi-nkqubo Edoha explorer baba isetyenziswe ukuba zembali imveliso amanqanaba kwiminyaka elishumi-konyaka ixesha examined yi-nzulu, kwaye imveliso kwi-EU ayikwazi okanye nge-kangangoko amathathu ipesenti. Nangona kunjalo, imveliso imiqulu ayikwazi ukunyuka nge-kangangoko. zintlanu elisetyenziswa kwimifanekiso eboniswe eskrinini kwi-Brazil, i-Central Asia ne West Africa - kunye imveliso amaxabiso lokukhula ngama-ishumi elinesithathu ipesenti. Ngokufanayo, ukuba Afrika iziphakamiso ukuba iqukwe Edoha idrafti baba isetyenziswe kwi-trade flows kwiminyaka elishumi-unyaka ithuba ukuze imizamo examines, U.S. kumazwe angaphandle imiqulu ingaba awile yi-elinesithandathu elisetyenziswa kwimifanekiso eboniswe eskrinini kwi-avareji. Avareji kumazwe angaphandle imiqulu ange ukwanda dramatically kuba Brazil kwaye i-Indiya (- ipesenti), nge-i-lower kodwa nangona kunjalo substantial isixa-mali kwi-Uzbekistan, 'C-' West African cotton ngokulima amazwe (Benin, Eburkina Faso, Uchad kwaye Kmailname), e-Australia (. zintlanu ipesenti). Phantsi imihla inguqulelo U.S. ifama mthetho usayilwayo, cotton uya kuba nani liphantsi nezibonelelo bonke U.S. intsimi izityalo xa kuya kusetyenziswa kuba ephezulu.
Yeengwevu kwaye Indlu iinguqulelo lo mthetho usayilwayo uza aphelise ezininzi imiba U.S.
cotton nezibonelelo, kuquka ngqo-intlawulo abalimi isibali-cyclical intlawulo.
Injongo zombini ezi-nkqubo kukuba yandisa abalimi' umvuzo xa ixabiso cotton drops. Nangona kunjalo, U.S.
cotton abalimi baya? ikhuselwe ukuba i-kangakanani.
Indlu kwaye Yeengwevu eyilwayo ziquka khetha udidi lwetshathi Ingeniso umyalelo wokhuselo Lwenkqubo (STAX), apho usebenza njengoko ifomu umvuzo umyalelo wokhuselo kuba abalimi.
STAX iziqinisekiso cotton abalimi ukuba baya kufumana phakathi asixhenxe ye-kulindeleke ukuba ingeniso yabo ariya apho izimisele yi-United States Isebe Lezolimo (USDA). Federal nezibonelelo-phantsi le premiums kuba le-inshorensi lwenkqubo.
Ngokunxulumene Congressional lwabiwo-Mali i-Ofisi, uqikelelo iindleko le inkqubo dollazi.
amashumi amabini anesithoba bhiliyoni. Ifama oyilwayo iqulathe akukho mda ukuba payout ukuba nawuphi na umntu cotton umlimi unako ukufumana phantsi STAX lwenkqubo. Brazil kanjalo bavumelana hayi sindululo entsha WTO retaliatory sanctions ngokuchasene U.S. cotton iinkqubo ngexesha langoku ifama oyilwayo lowo kuyo intshukumo okanye"ngokuchasene yezolimo kumazwe angaphandle kweli, baqinisekisa."Ngokunxulumene imihla ulwazi ukusuka USDA, Brazil ingaba anesihlanu likhulu cotton ngokulima lizwe kwaye abantu abaninzi ngaphandlecomment ehlabathini.
Cotton amaxabiso kuba waqhubeka ukuba landula - hayi ngenxa utshintsho U.S.
cotton-nkqubo (oko kukuthi ayisasebenzi mbasa inkqubo isityalo phantsi Ifama Ibhili) kodwa ngenye ngenxa Isitshayina cotton mgaqo-nkqubo. Namhlanje U.S cotton abalimi rely kuphela kwi-inshorensi iimveliso emva ekubeni eliminated zonke Ifama Oyilwayo inkxaso iindlela.
