Baninzi codified statutes ihlala isebenza kwi-Brazil
Umthetho-Brazil lusekelwe nemimiselo, enaphatha kwaye ngaphezulu kutshanje, ndlela ngokuba súmulas vinculantesOko derives kakhulu ukususela zasekuhlaleni umthetho iindlela of European amazwe, ingakumbi Portugal, Napoleonic Ikhowudi kwaye Germanic umthetho. Ngoku Federal-Siseko, wadala ngo-oktobha, supreme umthetho kweli lizwe. Enye ebalulekileyo federal umthetho amaxwebhu kweli lizwe kuquka Zasekuhlaleni Ikhowudi, Penal Ikhowudi, Commercial Ikhowudi, Wesizwe Tributary Ikhowudi, Consolidation ka-Sebenza Imithetho, Umthengi nkqo ekukhuseleni ilungelo Ikhowudi, Zasekuhlaleni nemigaqo-nkqubo Ikhowudi kwaye, ulwaphulo-Mthetho nemigaqo-nkqubo Wokuziphatha. Umgaqo-Siseko iququzelela lizwe njengokuba Federative Kwiriphabliki bamisela yi-indissoluble union of the states kwaye oomasipala kwaye Federal Wesithili. Phantsi komgaqo-siseko esekwe kwi-Federal-Siseko, Brazil ke amashumi amabini anesithandathu federate states kuba amagunya amkele kwezabo Constitutions kwaye imithetho. Oomasipala kanjalo bonwabele enomda autonomy njengoko zabo umthetho kufuneka balandele dictates-Siseko ka-urhulumente ukuba oko belong, ngenxa yoko ukuba abo i-Federal-Siseko ngokwayo. Njengoko kuba Federal Wesithili, blends imisebenzi federate states kwaye oomasipala, kunye no-a-siseko, ongu-Mouldboard Umthetho, kufuneka kanjalo ukuthobela imiqathango ye-Federal-Siseko. Amagunya ebhunga Union, njengoko zichaziweyo ezingama-Siseko, ingaba esinolawulo Oluphezulu, yowiso-Mthetho kwaye Ezomthetho, eziya geqe kwaye harmonious phakathi kwabo. Intloko ekhabhinethi Ngumongameli wobubingeleli Kwiriphabliki, nto leyo kunye Oyintloko Yombuso Nentloko Karhulumente kwaye ngqo onyulwe ukuba abe yi-abemi. I-Mthetho, inxaxheba kwi-ifomu National Congress kwaye iqulathe ezimbini izindlu: Kwegumbi ka-Deputies (lower indlu) kwaye Federal Yeengwevu (ephezulu indlu), kunye owamiselwa ngo abameli abo bayonyulwa yi abemi. I-Matyala amagunya ingaba vested phezu Federal Supreme Inkundla, Superior Inkundla Lobulungisa, Jonga Federal Iinkundla kwaye Federal Lwabagwebi. Kukho kanjalo specialized iinkundla ukumelana yonyulo, asebenze kwaye military disputes. Ezomthetho ingaba umbutho kwi-federal kwaye amasebe karhulumente. Oomasipala awunayo kwezabo iindlela zobulungisa, kwaye kufuneka, ke ngoko, resort ukuba urhulumente okanye federal ubulungisa iindlela, kuxhomekeke uhlobo meko. I-inkqubo yezeejaji iqulathe eziliqela iinkundla I-apex ingaba Federal Supreme Inkundla kwaye ngokuzalwa-Siseko.
Umthetho izikolo akhona kuyo nganye States of Brazil
Phakathi kwezinye imisebenzi, sele exclusive kolawulo lwesixeko ukuba: (i) uvakalise federal okanye urhulumente imithetho unconstitutional (ii) ukuze extradition izicelo ezivela kumazwe angaphandle States kwaye (iii) umthetho phezu iimeko, kugqitywe ngayo sole isehlo iinkundla, apho wacela isigqibo babe ekuvunyelwene ngawo-Siseko. I-Superior Inkundla Lobulungisa linoxanduva wokugcina federal umthetho kwaye treaties. Isihlanu - Jonga Federal Iinkundla, kuba yomgaqo-siseko kolawulo lwesixeko kwi iimeko involving nezibheno ngakulo isigqibo ruled yi-federal lwabagwebi, kwaye bamele kanjalo eliphathiswe iimeko wesizwe inzala kunye yolwaphulo-mthetho foreseen kwi-ngamazwe pacts, phakathi kwezinye imisebenzi. Kolawulo Federal Lwabagwebi ziquka: ekubeni eliphathiswe kokuva uninzi disputes apho elinye amaqela ingaba Union (i-Imo) ruling kwi lawsuits phakathi langaphandle Karhulumente okanye umbutho wamazwe ngamazwe kwaye umasipala okanye umntu residing kwi-Brazil judging iimeko ngokusekelwe treaties okanye zamazwe ngamazwe ye-Union ngokuchasene langaphandle Karhulumente okanye ngamazwe umzimba. Imeko-inqanaba ubulungisa kwi-Brazil iqulathe urhulumente iinkundla kunye lwabagwebi. I-States of Brazil ukulungiselela kwezabo-matyala iindlela, kunye inkundla kolawulo lwesixeko ichaziwe kwi-ngamnye imeko-siseko, observing ukuba wabo ngokusemthethweni ithuba ngu limited ngabo abo musa nkxalabo i-federal-matyala ordainment. Kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho uqalisa, imiqathango ngokubanzi, kunye ibhili umthetho kwi omnye Congress Izindlu, noba Kwegumbi ka-Deputies okanye Federal Yeengwevu, njalo ngokuba Woqobo Indlu. Xa umthetho oyilwayo ngu voted kwi, unako noba kubekelwa ecaleni okanye dlulisa kwezinye indlu, ebizwa ngokuba Yokuhlola Indlu. Kukho lo mthetho usayilwayo unako kubekelwa ecaleni, ivumile okanye utshintsho ekufuneka ke babuyele Woqobo Indlu. Kuxhomekeke injongo yomthetho oyilwayo, kubalulekile dlulisa kuba ye-ofisi kamongameli isohlwayo ngokungabikho okanye veto, njengoko i-wonke okanye inxalenye. Ukuba lo mthetho usayilwayo ngu vetoed, amalungu National Congress of Brazil unako ngaphezulu enjalo veto. Kuba centuries, njengokuba isiphuthukezi colony, Umthetho isetyenzisiwe kwi-Brazil waye Umthetho Portugal. Famous abafundi ka-Isijapani colonial era, phakathi kwabo ezininzi revolutionaries, graduated ukususela ebalulekileyo isiphuthukezi Ngezifundo ka-Coimbra, ebekwe kwi-Central Portugal. Kunye Ukuzimela ka-Brazil kunye kuvuka ka-i Empire, kwaba yimfuneko ukwenza elizimeleyo ezomthetho kananjalo ukunika yayo abasebenzi a isemthethweni imfundo kweli lizwe.
Ngowe, umthetho wokuqala izikolo kwi-Brazil baba waseka: Academies Umthetho kwaye Loluntu Sciences kwi-São Paulo kwaye Olinda.
Isijapani mthetho largely derived ukusuka isiphuthukezi zasekuhlaleni umthetho kwaye enxulumene Roman-Germanic isemthethweni tradition. Oku kuthetha ukuba inkqubo esemthethweni lusekelwe statutes, noxa nje yomgaqo-siseko komhlaba (Utshintsho kumgaqo-Siseko, ophunyezwe) sele ungeniswa a ndlela efanayo ukuba stare decisis, ngokuba súmula vinculante. Nangona kunjalo, ngokunxulumene inqaku -A - Isijapani-Siseko, kuphela Supreme Inkundla ovumelekileyo ukuba bavakalise bophelela imithetho. Inferior lwabagwebi kwaye iinkundla, kwaye ulawulo lwabasebenzi bakarhulumente, ingaba yiyo loo nto obliged ukuba bayithobele iinkcazelo lesiqu Inkundla.
Kwi ngaphezulu nje phinda-phinda, ngokunxulumene ezomthetho ubume inesakhelo kwi-Isijapani-Siseko, abachopheli - ^ ngu umahlule phakathi kwe-matyala le states kwaye Federal-matyala sebe, kwaye baya kuba ezahlukeneyo imida.
I-prerogatives kwaye imisebenzi lwabagwebi ingaba efanayo, neeyantlukwano ekubeni kuphela kwi-competences, isakheko ukwakhiwa kweenkundla. Kwi, kwakukho, Umthetho esikolweni iinkqubo-Brazil, kunye, umthetho abafundi. E-United States inani umthetho izikolo baba kuphela. I-U.S. Imo Alaska akanalo umthetho esikolweni Ngo, i-ezingama-abaqondisi-mthetho kwi-Brazil baba.
Imeko São Paulo kokuba i-nani likhulu, abaqondisi-mthetho, sisinye kwisithathu zonke zomsebenzi abaqondisi-mthetho kweli lizwe.
Imeko Rio de Janeiro kokuba, nama- abaqondisi-mthetho, kwaye Imeko Minas Gerais kokuba, abaqondisi-mthetho. Yobomi Umthetho sesinye uninzi prestigious kwaye ethembisa kweli lizwe. Ngevoti ixesha leminyaka emihlanu, kwaye ekupheleni ikhosi i-student uba a graduate, awunakuba kanti basebenzise khondo lobungcali-mfundo lilonke. Ngexesha studying kwi umthetho esikolweni, lwabafundi iya kuba bonke ulwazi luyafuneka ukumsukela ezininzi professions enxulumene nomthetho esikolweni, kodwa kufuneka kuqala okokuba njalo i-Bar-Association of i-Brazil (Ordem dos abaqondisi-mthetho kwenza i-Brazil kwi-isiphuthukezi).
Kwinto yonke median umvuzo we-Isijapani lawyer waba R dollazi, ngamnye ngonyaka ka.
Inkqubo iqala median ingeniso waba R dollazi, phezulu median waba R dollazi.
I-Isijapani umgwebi kokuba i-kwinto yonke median ingeniso R dollazi. Inkqubo iqala median ingeniso waba R dollazi, phezulu median waba R dollazi. I-Isijapani abatshutshisi kokuba i-kwinto yonke median ingeniso R dollazi. Inkqubo iqala median ingeniso waba R dollazi, kwaye i-phezulu median waba R dollazi angama, ngonyaka. Nowadays, Isijapani lwabagwebi kwaye abatshutshisi, phantse zonke states, earn efanayo, kwaye, kwezinye states, abatshutshisi kuba ngaphezulu ingeniso. Ngamnye urhulumente territory ngu umahlule kwi-matyala izithili ekuthiwa comarcas, eziya composed omnye okanye ngaphezulu oomasipala. Wamashumi amabini anesixhenxe Iinkundla Lobulungisa kuba zabo headquarters kwi-eyinkunzi ngamnye Urhulumente kwaye kufuneka kolawulo lwesixeko kuphela phezu Imo yabo territories.
I-Federal Wesithili kuphela lizisa federal-inqanaba abachopheli-sebe.
Ngamnye comarca sele ubuncinane omnye yovavanyo inkundla, inkundla kuqala isehlo.
Ngamnye inkundla kuqala isehlo sele umthetho umgwebi kwaye substitute umgwebi. Umgwebi lugqiba yedwa kuzo zonke iimeko zasekuhlaleni kwaye ezininzi, ulwaphulo-mthetho amatyala. Kuphela intentional yolwaphulo-mthetho ngokuchasene ubomi ingaba sigwetywe yi-jury. Lwabagwebi kweenkundla ingaba otyunjwe emva ukhetho nkqubo. Kukho specialized iinkundla ka-lokuqala isehlo kuba usapho litigation okanye bankruptcy kwezinye comarcas. Izigwebo ukusuka ezi wesithili iinkundla unako kuba umxholo ka-matyala hlola oku kulandelayo ibongoza iinkundla ka-yesibini isehlo. Owona inkundla kwimo inkqubo yezeejaji ngu yayo inkundla yesibini isehlo, Iinkundla Lobulungisa.
Ngasinye Isijapani Urhulumente kukho enye Inkundla kobulungisa (Inkundla de Justiça kwi-isiphuthukezi).
Iinkundla Lobulungisa zezinye iinkundla ka-isibheno, intsingiselo banako kovavanyo na izigqibo athathwa yi-yovavanyo iinkundla, kwaye ingaba yokugqibela ilizwi kwi izigqibo ngalo chaza inqanaba, nangona izigqibo zabo zibe overturned yi-federal iinkundla. Abanye states, njengoko São Paulo kwaye Minas Gerais, kusetyenziswa kuba Inkundla Nezibheno apho kokuba ezahlukeneyo kwimimandla ephantsi kolawulo lwesixeko. Kodwa th wotshintsho lomgaqo-Siseko ukuba Isijapani-Siseko, ayo inqaku zine, ngokungqingqwa zabo ukuduka ukuze yenza lula yesibini isehlo bokusebenza. Yesibini isehlo izigwebo ikholisa eyenziwe ezintathu lwabagwebi, ngokuba desembargadores. Ezi Iinkundla ingaba umahlule kwi zasekuhlaleni chambers, apho umgwebi iimeko zasekuhlaleni, ulwaphulo-mthetho chambers. Iijaji kweenkundla Lobulungisa isixhosa omnye nomnye. Inkundla unako expel na kubagweba abo sele eboniswa unethical ukuziphatha. Jonga Federal Iinkundla (inani) kufuneka kolawulo lwesixeko phezu circuits eziliqela states kwaye bakholisa ukuba abe headquartered kwi nani likhulu isixeko zabo territory. I-jonga iinkundla ngala: zimbini wesizwe superior iinkundla ukwenza phezulu Supreme Inkundla, apho isibonelelo writs ka-certiorari kwiindawo zasekuhlaleni kwaye, ulwaphulo-mthetho iimeko: Superior Inkundla Ubulungisa okanye STJ kwaye Supreme Federal Inkundla okanye STF, owona Isijapani inkundla (lugqiba imiba malunga offences ukuba Isijapani-Siseko). I-STJ ingaba Isijapani inkundla ephezulu kwi-non-siseko imiba kwaye unika okhethekileyo Isibheno xa judgement ka-inkundla yesibini isehlo offends a federal statute yokulungisa okanye xa ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu yesibini isehlo iinkundla ukwenza ezahlukeneyo ulawulo kwi efanayo federal statute. Kukho ezimeleneyo iinkundla kuba basebenza umthetho, yonyulo umthetho kwaye military umthetho. I-STF izibonelelo ihlale ngexesha elingelilo lokuhlala Nezibheno xa judgements ka-yesibini isehlo iinkundla ekuvunyelwene ngawo-siseko. I-STF ngu yokugqibela isehlo kuba writ ka-habeas corpus kwaye kuba reviews ka-izigwebo ukususela STJ.
I-superior iinkundla musa nokuchaza na factual imibuzo kwindlu yabo izigwebo, kodwa kuphela ukuba i-aplikeshini ye-umthetho-siseko.
Iinyaniso kwaye evidences ingaba sigwetywe yi-iinkundla ka-yesibini isehlo, ngaphandle ethile, iimeko ezifana writs ka-habeas corpus.
