Abafazi okanye ababhali' zahlukeneyo umthetho firms
I-izimvo isitsho eli nqaku ngabo ye-ababhali yedwa kwaye akufunekanga sithatyathwe njengoko ummeli, okanye bophelela phezu ArbitralUphuhliso arbitration kwi-Brazil wenziwe kokusebenza kwentshukumo ekhawulezayo kwiminyaka yakutsha nje. Enyanisweni, nangona Isijapani Arbitration Umthetho waba owenziwe, kuphela emva kweminyaka emihlanu kamva le Isijapani yomgaqo-Siseko lunxulumano nemo-mgaqo-siseko umthetho kwaye ratified i ukuqonda ukuba nawuphi na disposable ilungelo basenokuba injongo arbitration. Kodwa akubanga de ukuze Brazil ratified-New York Sivumelwano ngomhla ukuthathela ingqalelo kwaye Ukunyanzeliswa Langaphandle Arbitration Mbasa. Ngoko ke, kwaba kuphela kwi- ukuze arbitration inkqubo - mayela kunye yangaphakathi ngamazwe mbasa - waba duly regulated kwi-Brazil. Nge efanelekileyo arbitration indlela izibakala, sebenzisa le enye indlela imbambano isisombululo sele ukwanda significantly kwezinyanga eminyaka. Umzekelo, kwi, arbitral iingxoxo baba yanikezela yi-ezintlanu ibaluleke kakhulu Isijapani arbitration chambers, uthelekiso ku, xa ezi chambers kuphela yanikezela amabini-omnye iingxoxo. Ukongeza, inani iingxoxo olwaqhutywa phantsi ICC Imigaqo involving ubuncinane omnye Isijapani iqela kanjalo ubungqina uphuhliso arbitration kwi-Brazil: ngo, disputes baba arbitrated phantsi ICC Imigaqo, bafakwe Brazil njengoko lizwe lethu kunye wesine oyena inani arbitral iingxoxo ehlabathini, kwaye kweli lizwe kunye ezininzi ezifana usebenziso Latin Emelika. Omnye umba kwi apho scholars kwaye practitioners abanalo focused ngu ngokwesini iyantlukwano kwi-Brazil ke arbitration entsimini. Kwi-bona ka ukuba, sifuna ziqhube uphando ukuze nokuchaza langoku imeko malunga samakhosikazi arbitration kwi-Brazil sifumene yangoku name hayi njengoko ethembisa njengoko babuza. Ukuze ukuqonda indima samakhosikazi arbitration, kubalulekile kuqala nokuchaza imeko yangoku yabasetyhini kwi-isemthethweni intsimi ngokubanzi. Umthetho izikolo babedalwe kwi-Brazil ngowe, kodwa kwakukho abafazi kuphela kuvunyelwe phantse eminyaka kamva, emva enactment ka-Ummiselo n, kwi. Ngokuphathelele kubukho samakhosikazi umthetho esikolweni, ngo, kwi- abafundi ababe yezifundo ezinomsila kwezolimo ngomhla Ngezifundo ka-São Paulo, omnye Brazil ke, uninzi prestigious iyunivesithi, abafazi represented kuphela amashumi amathathu anesixhenxe (abafundi). Ukuba thina jika wethu efuna ingqalelo abafazi graduates kwaye nokuchaza zabo ubuso kwi-isemthethweni entsimini, abafazi amele amane anesihlanu bonke abaqondisi-mthetho yithi rhoqo ebhalisiweyo kunye Isijapani Bar Association, umahluko ukuba abantu ukuba amele amanye.
Nangona indawo ekuyo into amadoda nabafazi emthethweni kwimakethi ngu ngaphezulu kwama-abafazi abebezimase umthetho izikolo, ayinjalo ngokwaneleyo ukuze kubonakale real kwimeko yesi-samakhosikazi Brazil.
Eneneni, sasivuya nako ukuqinisekisa ukuba baninzi abafazi qala zabo careers njengoko abaqondisi-mthetho noko ke, bambalwa kubo zifikelele phezulu zabo careers. Oku phenomenon ubizwa ngokuba"wegstreamer ithontsi"apho yafumanisa ukuba wenza ngala: (i) sexist kakuhle imeko-bume (ii) kwazi bani juggling ngaphezu kwesinye career, ezifana ukusebenza kunye njengoko a lawyer kwaye njengokuba umama okanye umphathi khaya (iii) shortage yabasetyhini njengoko indima models okanye abacebisi kwaye (iv) kubekho ukutyeba komhlaba emsebenzini okanye, nkqu apho kukho abanye, abafazi asingawo bayakhuthazwa yi-abaqeshi babo okanye abanye abasebenzi ukuze ezikhokelela izikhundla. (Bona Lucy Greenwood Marko Baker"Ukufumana Engcono Ungqinelwano kwi-Ngamazwe Arbitration Tribunals"Arb. I-Int'l.) Lwesiqulatho apho kugxilwa ingqalelo yethu, ingakumbi kwi arbitration entsimini, kubalulekile kuqala ukuqwalasela kwimeko yesi-ngamazwe. Ngowe, i-ICC wonyulwa okanye iqinisekiswa arbitrators: amashumi amabini abafazi kwaye abantu. Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, le indawo ekuyo into engafikanga significantly itshintshe: London Inkundla Ngamazwe Arbitration (LCIA), umzekelo, otyunjwe arbitrators, enye kuphela ngaye kwakukho umfazi (. cit, e). Nangona imeko ngu-ukutshintsha, kusekho kakhulu ukwenza: ngo, kwi- arbitrators wonyulwa yindlu ICC Inkundla, amashumi amathathu anesithandathu kwakukho abafazi, oko kukuthi. amashumi amathathu anesibini (Eli nani waba kindly ezibonelelwe ngu-Mirèze Philippe, Ezikhethekileyo Ingcebiso, ICC Ngamazwe Inkundla Arbitration.) Nokungabikho abafazi isithethi njengoko arbitrators ayikho nje ingxaki kwi-ngamazwe abarhwebayo arbitrations. Utyalo-mali arbitrations kanjalo bakholisa ukuba ingaba abangaphantsi abafazi kunokuba abantu njengoko amalungu arbitral tribunals. Ukususela iingxoxo ndagqiba yi-Centre for lonke ityala lesi-Mali ka-Disputes (ICSID) phakathi kwe- kwaye, arbitrators abo wasebenza, kuphela amashumi amane-ezimbini kwakukho abafazi, ngeli babebaninzi abantu. I-Brazil, ngelishwa, ngolu hlobo lulandelayo esifanayo kwimeko yesi. Ipesenti yabasetyhini ezidweliswe njengoko arbitrators kakhulu ngabemi Isijapani chambers kakhulu elilungileyo eliphantsi, kwaye oku underrepresentation alifumanisanga itshintshe kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutsha nje. Ukususela ngo- ukuya kowama, umzekelo, hayi kuphela yaba i-avareji ibhinqa ubuso kwezi uluhlu phakathi isibhozo kunye amabini anesithandathu, kodwa kwezinye chambers inani abafazi decreased ngexesha elinye ixesha. Nkqu ukuba abafazi ingaba represented kwi arbitration chambers' uluhlu, bambalwa kakhulu ngala ngempumelelo otyunjwe ukuba enze njengoko arbitrators. Kweyokwindla ngowama, umzekelo, ukususela arbitral iingxoxo, Umbindi kuba Arbitration kwaye Mediation ukusuka Kwegumbi of Commerce Brazil-Uk (CCBC) kokuba amane anesibhozo abafazi isithethi njengoko arbitrators, apho represented amashumi mathathu anesixhenxe iyonke otyunjwe arbitrators. Ukususela kuqhutywe amabini anesithathu arbitrations yanikezela yi-Arbitration Kwegumbi ka-Stock Exchange (CAM), kwegumbi ukuba administers arbitral iingxoxo enxulumene ngokukodwa ukuba corporate kwaye imali yentengiso disputes, kuphela ezintathu abafazi yathatha inxaxheba njengoko arbitrators ukuba represented kuphela elinesixhenxe ye-inani lilonke otyunjwe arbitrators. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba, nangona ebusweni ibhinqa arbitrators kwi-CCBC iingxoxo ngu ngaphezulu kunoko kwi-CAM arbitrations, amashumi amane anesibhozo CCBC iingxoxo kukhankanywe ngasentla musa involve amane anesibhozo ezahlukeneyo abafazi isithethi njengoko arbitrators. I-universe yabasetyhini ukuba abakhethiweyo ukuba enze njengoko arbitrators ingaba enyanisweni ezincinane, abanye abafazi ezixhamlisa ukusuka phinda ezi zikhundla.
Abanye kunokwenzeka izizathu obstacles ukuba abafazi kufuneka ubuso xa umleqa arbitration careers kwi-Brazil baba yafumanisa ukuba yi-ababhali kwi-inkqubo ukwenza umsebenzi uphando kuba eli nqaku.
Kuqala, njengoko ezimbalwa abafazi zifikelele phezulu zabo careers, younger sizukulwana yabasetyhini arbitration abaqondisi-mthetho sele ezimbalwa indima models kulandela. Nokungabikho ngempumelelo abafazi entsimini, kunye ezimbalwa ezizodwa, kanjalo discourages younger abafazi ukulandela le indlela. Ngaphezu koko, kusekho unequal unyango xa abantu nokuchaza abafazi ngokwenza imisebenzi yabo: enyanisweni, abantu bakholisa ukuba presume competence kwaye uphawu kakhulu inqanaba izakhono kwabanye abantu. Ngoko ke, abafazi idla ukuva ukuba kuyimfuneko kuba kubo kuvavanya zabo competence nezakhono qho ngemini umhla qho. Ngaphaya koko, njengoko kwi-ngamazwe scenarios, Brazil, amaqela ngokuqhelekileyo uyavuma ukuba co-arbitrators uza khetha umongameli wenkundla abachopheli-matyala.
Kwi-ukuqeshwa nkqubo, kuyenzeka ukuba uqinisekise ukuba indoda co-arbitrators asingawo abachaphazelekayo kunye appointing abafazi, preferring i igama elikhethiweyo ye-ebizwa-"amaxesha amaninzi indoda suspects".
(Khangela kanjalo, Ulucy Greenwood Marko Baker, op. cit, e-) Ngokongezelelweyo, nkqu ukuba arbitration ngu-ngokwandisa exponentially jikelele, ngokusekelwe yangoku senzo, sasivuya nako conclude ukuba le ndawo ingu enomda ukuba bambalwa practitioners -"phinda abadlali"awathi kanjalo isizathu sokuba kutheni kunzima kuba abafazi ukuba faka ngokwabo kwi inxaki.
Ukusuka ngentla, sinako ukuba conclude ukuba ngomhla wokuqala glance abafazi abe discouraged ukumsukela kwaye sibe ngaphezulu accomplishments kwi-arbitration entsimini.
Oku kufuneka endaweni amele a departure incopho kuba wonke young umfazi lawyer anomdla arbitration. Ukuba ngoku kukho ezimbalwa abafazi isebenza kwaye nto samakhosikazi arbitration, izizukulwana ezizayo kufuneka umthetho kunye ngempumelelo ibhinqa arbitrators, kuxhamla abo okufumana amava abo banqwenela ukwandisa loomama ubuso kule umthetho entsimini. Kule meko, kubalulekile worthwhile mentioning ukuba abanye organizations kunikela mentorship iinkqubo ukuphumeza le njongo, ezifana umzekelo Arbitral Abafazi. Kanjalo, young izizukulwana kanjalo babe nomdla jonga institutional uncedo kwi-ukufikelela yabasetyhini ukuba arbitration kwaye ngokubanzi kwi isemthethweni mhlaba ukuba abaninzi umthetho firms kwaye non-governmental organizations anike.
Imfundo kwi njani izakhono abafazi sinokukhokelela okanye negalelo umsebenzi arbitral tribunals kufuneka kananjalo ukukhuthaza amaqela kwaye co-arbitrators ukuba designate kubo njengoko arbitrators okanye abalawulayo ka-tribunals, ukuze uphephe"wegstreamer ithontsi"talented abafazi entsimini.
Ukuba uqinisekise ukuba musa unobuhle ngaphandle ngomhla rhoqo uhlaziyo ukususela Kluwer Arbitration Hetalia, nceda zibophelele apha.
