Ezi zihlomelo ukuba Zasekuhlaleni Ikhowudi ye-isirashiya ("Zasekuhlaleni Ikhowudi") malunga corporate umthetho, awathi wangena umkhosi ngomhla omnye kweyomsintsi ngowama, sisiseko ezininzi ezibalulekileyo zophuhliso ukususela ezingaqhelekanga neendlela zobuchwepheshe zanamhla corporate umthetho kwi-UsI-legislator ke rationale ngasemva komhlaba ka-corporate mthetho ukwenza ngakumbi imisikeko kwaye yesininzi-bume kuba amashishini, lo gama ngaxeshanye kuthathelwa ingqalelo amalungelo izinto ezichaphazela creditors, abathathi-nxaxheba shareholders kwaye iinkampani ngokwabo. Amatsha-mthetho iindlela bamele kanjalo eyilelwe ukwandisa attractiveness ka-Russian edibeneyo kakhulu kwamaxabiso izivumelwano zokwakha uluhlu kuba langaphandle abatyali-mali. Kule Ulwimi siya kugubungela zilandelayo imiba engundoqo (nceda nqakraza ngamnye unxulumaniso kuthatyathwa afanelekileyo kumhlathi): ezi zihlomelo ungeniswa esitsha kwicandelo elikhethekileyo neenkqubo zomthetho karhulumente, ilandelayo apho onke amaqumrhu ingaba ngoku umahlule kwi amakhulu kwaye unitary amaqumrhu asemthethweni. Eyona umbutho ukuze distinguish phakathi zimbini iindidi ngu nokuba founders (abathathi-nxaxheba) ingaba ilungelo inxaxheba (ubulungu) kwi isemthethweni qumrhu. Njalo, founders (abathathi-nxaxheba) a corporation kuba ilungelo ukuthatha inxaxheba (ubulungu) kuyo kwaye eyiyo ayo aphakamileyo umzimba, ngelixa amalungu unitary isemthethweni iqumrhu musa kufumana ubulungu amalungelo. Omnye ibaluleke kakhulu utshintsho kukuba abarhwebayo iinkampani ingaba ngoku umahlule phakathi kawonke-wonke kwaye non-wonke. Woluntu inkampani yi edibeneyo-stock inkampani Zonke ezinye iinkampani ukuba musa kuhlangana ubuncinane omnye ngasentla iimpawu ezicingelwa non-wonke.
Ngoko ke, enyanisweni, ukusuka kwelinye kweyomsintsi ngowama, zonke ezisebenzayo edibeneyo-stock iinkampani ezikhoyo kwi-isemthethweni ifomu vula edibeneyo-stock inkampani ezicingelwa-wonke edibeneyo-stock iinkampani, ngexesha ezivaliweyo edibeneyo-stock iinkampani kwaye limited eyimali iinkampani ingaba deemed ukuba abe non-wonke.
Nkqu ukuba limited eyimali inkampani inikezela bonds nge-wonke umrhumo, akekho kuba karhulumente kwi-uluvo corporate umthetho. Phezu incorporation, kufuneka ibandakanywe Idityanisiwe Urhulumente Bhalisa neenkqubo Zomthetho Karhulumente, ngamnye uluntu edibeneyo-stock inkampani kufuneka angenise ulwazi yayo corporate igama apho kufuneka siqulathe kubhekiswa yokuba kubalulekile woluntu inkampani.
Edibeneyo-stock iinkampani wamisa phambi kokuba omnye kweyomsintsi ngowama- apho kuhlangana iimpawu loluntu inkampani ingaba deemed kuba wonke edibeneyo-stock iinkampani, kungakhathaliseki nokuba ngaba zabo corporate igama states ukuba inkampani ngu-wonke.
Okhoyo edibeneyo-stock iinkampani unako ukugcina zabo igama de lokuqala utshintsho zabo amaxwebhu-siseko lwenziwa. Ngokunxulumene ezikhoyo iinkampani kunye ezongezelelweyo eyimali, izibonelelo Zasekuhlaleni Ikhowudi kwi limited eyimali iinkampani uza kusebenza. Ngokunxulumene ezivaliweyo edibeneyo-stock iinkampani, izibonelelo Zasekuhlaleni Ikhowudi kwi edibeneyo-stock iinkampani kwaye Federal Umthetho"Kwi Edibeneyo-stock Iinkampani"kwi ezivaliweyo edibeneyo-stock iinkampani uza kusebenza kude kube kuqala utshintsho zabo amaxwebhu-siseko lwenziwa.
Ngokungafaniyo ne-wonke iinkampani, non-wonke iinkampani bonwabele ngakumbi ukutyeba komhlaba ngendlela corporate ubudlelwane phakathi ingaba regulated.
Ngoko ke, i-non-wonke inkampani unako, phantsi kweemeko ezithile, ufumanise kolawulo yayo ulawulo imizimba njengoko ubona abalungele vary inkqubo kuba convening kwaye bephethe jikelele intlanganiso ukuze inikeziwe kwi-Zasekuhlaleni Ikhowudi. Oko unako kanjalo chaza-nxaxheba' shareholders' amalungelo non-proportionally yabo stakes kwi company. Ukuphucula okukhusela minority shareholders kwi-wonke edibeneyo-stock inkampani, unguye. ka-Zasekuhlaleni Ikhowudi ubonelela ezithile inkqubo esisinyanzelo iimfuno ezisisiseko, ezifana ukusekwa siyingqokelela ulawulo umzimba kunye ubuncinane ezintlanu amalungu, yaziswe lolwazi kufunwa ngumthetho, kwaye inkululeko alienate izahlulo ngaphandle ekubeni ukufumana nayiphi na consents. Edibeneyo-stock iinkampani ukuba ingaba ucwangciso ukuze ufake imali yentengiso kwaye ingaba ilungiselela kuba oku ukusa kwixesha elizayo kufuneka kuba igama referencing ukuba yokuba ngabo woluntu edibeneyo-stock inkampani, kungenjalo ayisayi kuba eligible ukunikela izahlulo nge-wonke umrhumo. Ezi zihlomelo ukuba Zasekuhlaleni Ikhowudi ungeniswa omtsha jikelele ingcamango ye 'corporate isivumelwano' kwaye ngokufanayo imigaqo esemthethweni kuba izivumelwano phakathi kwamalungu abarhwebayo iinkampani eyahluka-hlukileyo amaxwebhu asemthethweni. Kakhulu significantly, corporate isivumelwano unako ngoku kuba governed yi-langaphandle nomthetho ngaphandle kokuba omnye zamaqela ngu langaphandle umntu. Wesithathu amaqela zibe iqela a corporate isivumelwano ecaleni yenkampani shareholders-nxaxheba.
Nangona kunjalo, inkampani ngokwayo? ayikwazi kuba iqela a corporate sivumelwano.
Xa iyasebenza a corporate isigqibo okanye intengiselwano usesinye wacela, corporate kwesi sivumelwano iya koyisa phezu yenkampani umqulu we. Abathabatha inxaxheba kwi-non-wonke inkampani abathe bagqiba a corporate isivumelwano lazise inkampani ye-elokugqibela ye-corporate sivumelwano, ngexesha layo imixholo akukho mfuneko yokuba ube disclosed. Ukusilela yazisa entitles inkampani i-nxaxheba abakhoyo na umntu ukuba corporate kwesi sivumelwano ibango ukuhlawulwa nayiphi na ilahleko babe banyamezele. Ukuze uluntu iinkampani, ulwazi kwi elokugqibela a corporate sivumelwano kufuneka kwalapho zichazwe kwimigaqo uhlobo kuvunyelwa ngumthetho.
Izigqibo wenyama yokusasaza ngeenjongo zokurhweba inkampani kusenokuba invalidated yi-enkundleni ngomhla isicelo a iqela ukuba isivumelwano emhlabeni ukuba corporate isivumelwano wenziwe breached, ngaphandle kokuba bonke inkampani-nxaxheba kwakukho omnye umntu ukuba corporate sivumelwano ngexesha xa wacela isigqibo waba yamkelwa.
Ukuseka i edibeneyo-stock inkampani, zintathu-kwiimbombo zone umqulu we-eyinkunzi kufuneka kuhlawulwa phezulu phambi kokuba ubhaliso, yaza intsalela yabo kufuneka kuhlawulwa phezulu ngaphakathi kuqala unyaka umsebenzi we-inkampani. Kuba limited eyimali iinkampani akuyomfuneko ukuhlawula nayiphi na indawana umqulu we-eyinkunzi phambi kokuba ubhaliso. Nangona kunjalo, umqulu we-eyinkunzi kufuneka ngokupheleleyo imali phezulu zingaphelanga iinyanga ezine yenkampani ubhaliso. De umqulu we-imali ye-ngokutsha-ngokomgaqo-limited eyimali inkampani wenziwe ahlawulwe epheleleyo, abathathi-nxaxheba ingaba subsidiarily netyala kuba izibophelelo ka-company, kwaye zabo eyimali ayiyo limited ngayo nayiphi na indlela. Ngoko ke recommend appointing umntu uyakwazi ngokupheleleyo trust njengoko Jikelele Umlawuli omtsha inkampani kwaye ahlawule umqulu we-eyinkunzi msinyane kangangoko kunokwenzeka emva kokuba ubhaliso lwe inkampani. Omnye ezibalulekileyo tshintsha ngu ulungiselelo igunya lomgaqo-sole oluphezulu umzimba eziliqela abantu isithethi jointly, okanye ukumiselwa kwebandla a inani sole oluphezulu imizimba abo babe umthetho independently ngamnye nezinye - ebizwa-"u-utyikityo umthetho". Ngexesha elinye, nayo kunokwenzeka ukuba atyumbe umntu wendalo okanye isemthethweni umntu njengoko sole oluphezulu umzimba. Efana nale migaqo zithe endaweni ixesha elide, umzekelo kwi-Germany apho inkampani rhoqo bemelwe eziliqela lwabalawuli, njalo-ngokuba Prokuristen (ogunyazisiweyo amagosa).
Bonke abo enjoying enjalo igunya ngabo bangena abarhwebayo irejista, apho nayo kuchazwe indlela inkampani ngu bemelwe ezi abantu (umzekelo, ngokuthi u-lwabalawuli okanye omnye umphathi kwaye i-ogunyazisiweyo igosa). Kuphela amanqaku iya kubonisa indlela"u-utyikityo umthetho"kusebenza kwi-Us Oku umthetho ikhangeleka kuba ingakumbi afanelekileyo kuba edibeneyo nokulinga otyalo-mali, ingakumbi abo kunye langaphandle kwinto.
Phantsi revised Zasekuhlaleni Ikhowudi, lonke uluntu edibeneyo-stock iinkampani kufuneka ube siyingqokelela ulawulo umzimba (mhlawumbi a ibhodi abalawuli okanye supervisory ibhodi) kunye ubuncinane ezintlanu amalungu. Ukukhusela amalungelo shareholders kwaye abathathi-nxaxheba, ngokunjalo abo i-abarhwebayo iinkampani ngokwabo, revised Zasekuhlaleni Ikhowudi ngoku ifuna ukuba abazali izigqibo yi-jikelele intlanganiso abathathi-nxaxheba shareholders a abarhwebayo inkampani, ngokunjalo uluhlu i company-nxaxheba shareholders ababekulo kwiikhosi xa kwaba yamkelwa kufuneka iqinisekiswa ngo: ngenxa yoko, okwangoku, zonke izigqibo jikelele-nxaxheba intlanganiso a limited eyimali inkampani kufuneka esayiniweyo phambi notary, ngaphandle kokuba omnye kuthetha ka-iziqinisekiso inikeziwe kuba yi-yenkampani umqulu we-okanye nge-unanimous isigqibo yenkampani jikelele abathathi-nxaxheba ntlanganiso. Omtsha Zasekuhlaleni Ikhowudi inqaku ukuchongeka i-eyimali kuba ilahleko ye isemthethweni iqumrhu yi-ayo sole oluphezulu umzimba, collective umzimba amalungu, kwaye abanye abantu abathi ufumanise imisebenzi ukuze isemthethweni qumrhu, ukuba kunzima proven ukuba, xa isebenzisa igunya labo amalungelo isenza imisebenzi yabo, babe acted ngendlela engalunganga ukholo okanye kwenzelwe, kuquka ukuba zabo iintshukumo (okanye inaction) akazange kuhlangana amaxesha amaninzi iimeko zasekuhlaleni ubudlelwane phakathi okanye imigangatho entrepreneurial umngcipheko.
Ezi zilandelayo zezinye ngokukodwa ungeniswa: Thina anticipate ukuba ngasentla izibonelelo iya kuba olubuyiselweyo kwi-izilungiso kuwo imithetho kwi edibeneyo-stock iinkampani kwaye ngomhla limited eyimali iinkampani.
Entsha iimfuno kuba kanjalo ukuba ungeniswa njengoko ukuba ifomu ngamandla lamagqwetha wanika ukuba ungenise kwaye kwamkela amaxwebhu ukusuka ubhaliso-mandla. Ezi zezinye aimed e ukomeleza ulawulo phezu okulungileyo ukholo eshishini amaqumrhu asemthethweni ngokunxulumene ezahlukeneyo ubhaliso nemigaqo-nkqubo. Ngaphambili i-sicelo ke ummeli ayikwazi ifayile kwaye kwamkela amaxwebhu ukusuka ubhaliso amagunya phantsi igunya lamagqwetha ekhutshwe bokubhala, watyikitywa sole oluphezulu umzimba isemthethweni qumrhu, itywinwe kunye stamp ye-isemthethweni qumrhu. Ngokungqinelana nomgaqo-entsha iimfuno, ukungenisa kwaye okanye ukufumana amaxwebhu ukusuka ubhaliso-mandla a ummeli isithethi phantsi igunya lamagqwetha kufuneka bonisa notarised amandla lamagqwetha (i-okuqala okanye notarised ikopi yawo). Oku kwenziwa ukuba ubhaliso naluphi na utshintsho wenza ukuba Idityanisiwe Urhulumente Bhalisa neenkqubo Zomthetho Karhulumente ngokubhekiselele a isemthethweni qumrhu. Ezi zihlomelo ukuba Zasekuhlaleni Ikhowudi impacted i-norms enxulumene reorganisation kwaye liquidation neenkqubo zomthetho karhulumente. Baya kubonelela, balaseleyo, ukuba ngoku kunokwenzeka ukuba: Ezithile ingqalelo kufuneka ihlawulwe kwi-ezibalulekileyo simplification lomgaqo-nkqubo ka-reorganisation yi-ekuguquleni a isemthethweni iqumrhu ukusuka kwesinye isemthethweni ifomu komnye ifomu. Kule meko, amalungelo nezibophelelo zethu ye isemthethweni iqumrhu musa tshintsha ngokunxulumene wesithathu amaqela kuphela amalungelo nezibophelelo zethu ngokumayela abathatha inxaxheba shareholders tshintsha njengoko ngenxa reorganisation.
Inkqubo esemthethweni iqumrhu ngoku ayisasebenzi kufuneka unike isaziso i-reorganisation ukuba yenkampani creditors, apapashe ingxelo esemthethweni ukubhengezwa yenkampani reorganisation, ifomu kwaye unikezelo yenkampani ipropati, amalungelo nezibophelelo zethu phantsi unikezelo mthetho.
I-streamlining ye-inguquko umgaqo-nkqubo ungeniswa yi-entsha izibonelelo Zasekuhlaleni Ikhowudi uza supposedly ukuququzelela uguqulelo lwencwadi ngoku osele ezivaliweyo edibeneyo-stock iinkampani kwi amanye amaxwebhu asemthethweni, eziya uninzi sifuna ukuguqula limited eyimali iinkampani. Indlela apho utshintsho corporate norms ka-Zasekuhlaleni Ikhowudi iya kusetyenziswa kuzo enyanisweni uza zixhomekeke, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kwi abazali izilungiso kuwo eminye imithetho elawula corporate umthetho. Afanelekileyo utshintsho kulindeleke ukuba abe yamkelwa kwi-kufutshane elizayo.
